Babul, also known as Acacia Nilotica (L.) Delile, is a versatile medicinal plant that is a member of the Fabaceae family. It is widely found in tropical and subtropical areas and has long been utilized in a number of indigenous medical systems to treat a variety of illnesses. Because of its abundance of naturally occurring bioactive chemicals, the plant has significant pharmacological and economic value. Due to its wide range of biological activity and the existence of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, Acacia Nilotica has drawn more attention from scientists in recent years. Cellular damage and the development of several chronic illnesses are significantly influenced by oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between the body's antioxidant defense system and the production of reactive oxygen species. Because of their ability to scavenge free radicals and provide protection, phytochemicals produced from plants are seen as viable natural options for preventing oxidative damage. According to reports, Acacia Nilotica has a number of significant phytoconstituents that contribute to its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and therapeutic potential, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and other bioactive molecules. This review focuses on Acacia Nilotica's botanical description, taxonomical features, geographic distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical composition, and medicinal importance. According to the scientific data at hand, Acacia Nilotica is a valuable natural source of bioactive chemicals with potential uses in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical research, especially for the creation of therapeutic agents based on antioxidants.

Pain is one of the most common clinical complaints, and its management remains a challenge due to the limitations of conventional analgesics. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids, though effective, are associated with adverse effects such as gastrointestinal irritation, renal impairment, tolerance, and dependence. This has led to renewed interest in crude herbal drugs and Ayurvedic formulations, which offer safer, holistic approaches to pain relief. Mentha piperita (peppermint), a hybrid of Mentha aquatica and Mentha spicata, is widely recognized in Ayurveda and Unani medicine for its cooling, soothing, and analgesic properties. Modern pharmacological studies confirm that its essential oils, particularly menthol, exert analgesic effects through activation of TRPM8 receptors, modulation of opioid pathways, and serotonergic mechanisms. Clinical trials demonstrate efficacy in tension-type headaches and muscle pain, while animal studies reveal significant antinociceptive activity. This article reviews the analgesic potential of Mentha piperita, situating it within the broader context of Ayurvedic analgesics such as Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, and Withania somnifera. By bridging traditional knowledge and modern pharmacology, peppermint emerges as a promising adjunct in integrative pain management.

Industrialization has driven economic growth but simultaneously worsened environmental health. Over the past decade, particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) and industrial dust emissions have risen steadily, correlating with increased prevalence and severity of chronic respiratory diseases. This study synthesizes global and regional data from 2015–2025, presenting trends in pollution levels and respiratory disease burden. Graphical analyses demonstrate a strong association between industrial emissions and lung disease severity, underscoring the urgent need for stricter emission controls and public health interventions.

Ondansetron is a widely used antiemetic drug for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced, radiotherapy-induced, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, its oral administration is associated with limitations such as first-pass hepatic metabolism, gastrointestinal degradation, and reduced effectiveness in patients experiencing nausea, vomiting, or swallowing difficulties Buccal drug delivery offers a promising alternative route by enabling direct absorption of the drug through the buccal mucosa into the systemic circulation, thereby bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism and improving bioavailability. The present review focuses on the development and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal tablets of ondansetron as an effective drug delivery system. The anatomy and physiology of the buccal mucosa, including its structure, permeability, blood supply, and the role of saliva, are discussed in relation to drug absorption.Special emphasis is placed on the concept of mucoadhesion, its mechanisms, theories, and the role of various mucoadhesive polymers such as Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Carbopol, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Sodium CMC), Sodium Alginate, and Chitosan in enhancing residence time and drug release The review also highlights different buccal dosage forms, methods of preparation, formulation components, and evaluation parameters including pre-compression studies, post-compression characteristics, mucoadhesive strength, swelling index, drug content uniformity, ex-vivo residence time, and in-vitro drug release studies Furthermore, the applications of mucoadhesive buccal tablets in paediatric and geriatric patients, emergency antiemetic therapy, and patients with dysphagia are explored. Future prospects involving permeation enhancers, patient-centered formulation design, and regulatory considerations are also discussed. Overall, mucoadhesive buccal tablets of ondansetron represent a promising and patient-friendly drug delivery approach capable of improving therapeutic efficacy, enhancing bioavailability, and providing rapid onset of antiemetic action. The continued advancement of buccal drug delivery technology may contribute significantly to the development of more effective and convenient antiemetic therapies.

Poor aqueous solubility among clinically essential antibiotics represents a formulation challenge with consequences that extend beyond compromised bioavailability into the pharmacodynamic domain of antimicrobial resistance, where dissolution-imposed sub-therapeutic drug exposure generates selective pressure for resistance emergence. Despite decades of regulatory success applying amorphous solid dispersion technology to antiviral and antineoplastic drug classes, its systematic application to poorly soluble antibiotics remains disproportionately underdeveloped. This review examines the physicochemical principles underlying amorphous solid dispersion performance, including the thermodynamic basis of supersaturation generation, glass transition-mediated solid-state stabilization, and the spring-and-parachute mechanism of gastrointestinal drug release. A science-based polymer selection framework is presented, comparing the properties, drug interaction mechanisms, and processing suitability of vinyl-based, cellulosic, and polymethacrylate carrier families across the physicochemical landscape of antibiotic molecules. Manufacturing considerations specific to thermolabile and high-melting-point antibiotics are addressed, with analysis of hot melt extrusion, spray drying, and KinetiSol approaches and their respective constraints. Translational evidence from itraconazole, griseofulvin, rifampicin, and posaconazole amorphous solid dispersion systems is critically evaluated, including dissolution enhancement, pharmacokinetic outcomes, and in vitro–in vivo correlation data. Physical stability requirements, ICH-compliant storage protocols, and the regulatory landscape for approved formulations are examined. Emerging directions encompassing machine learning-assisted polymer screening and ternary dispersion architectures are identified as strategic priorities. Applying this formulation framework systematically to poorly soluble antibiotics represents a scientifically compelling and clinically urgent contribution to antimicrobial therapy.

Herbal formulations represent an important component of traditional and modern healthcare systems. The increasing global demand for plant-based medicines has stimulated extensive research into herbal drug development, standardization, quality control, safety, and efficacy. This review summarizes the classification, preparation methods, therapeutic applications, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of herbal formulations. Literature indicates that herbal products possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Advances in phytochemistry and novel drug delivery systems have improved the scientific acceptance of herbal medicines. Nevertheless, challenges related to standardization, quality assurance, and regulatory compliance remain significant.