Archieve Issue

Stroke management in the elderly is a bit different from people of other age groups. Acute stroke treatment has a higher risk of bleeding due to thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy. During follow-up, elderly patients face an increased risk of bleeding from antithrombotics (especially anticoagulants) because they often experience metabolic derangements, coagulation abnormalities, cancer-related coagulopathies, multiple drug interactions, and changes in vessel architecture. The bleeding risk is higher with the Asian population. Therefore, we must ensure the elimination of any preventable cause of bleeding. One condition is autoimmune clotting factor deficiency (AiCFD). It is a bleeding problem that happens when the body's immune system makes antibodies that attack one specific coagulation factor. Most of these autoantibodies are polyclonal and are either neutralizing antibodies that inhibit the function of coagulation factors or non-neutralizing autoantibodies that promote clearance of the clotting factors. The autoantibodies are generated when the immune system is heavily influenced by inflammation, which can come from any infection, cancer, or certain treatments/replacement therapy. This event can happen at any point in a person's life and can be long-lasting. The prior knowledge about the existence of these antibodies in a specific part of the world (which may have regional/racial variation) is important because we can stop avoidable bleeding episodes in susceptible elderly individuals. In case of significant bleeding secondary to this abnormality, however, we can reverse the situation with the specific coagulation factor replacements or immunosuppressants to keep the antibodies under control.

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal oral gel containing Manilkara zapota leaf extract for the treatment of mouth ulcers. Oral gels are semi-solid preparations that ensure prolonged retention at the application site and enhance therapeutic efficacy. M. zapota leaves are known to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and wound-healing properties due to their rich phytoconstituents such as oleanolic acid, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. In this study, the leaves were subjected to Soxhlet extraction, and the obtained extract was incorporated into a Carbopol-based gel formulation. The prepared gel was evaluated for colour, odour, consistency, pH, spreadability, viscosity, extrudability, and gel strength. The results indicated that the herbal gel exhibited smooth consistency, acceptable pH (5.6), good spreadability, high viscosity, and satisfactory extrudability, making it suitable for oral application. The formulation demonstrated good physical stability and favourable pharmaceutical properties. Overall, the study concludes that Manilkara zapota leaf extract can be effectively utilized in an oral gel formulation for managing mouth ulcers, offering a safe, economical, and natural alternative to conventional synthetic treatments.

Dengue fever is an acute viral infection caused by the dengue virus (DENV), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, especially Aedes aegypti. It is characterized by sudden high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pain, rash, and sometimes mild bleeding. In severe cases, it can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening Onset of symptoms usually occurs 3 – 14 days after exposure to an infected Onset of symptoms usually occurs 3 – 14 days after exposure to an infected is now endemic in more than 100 countries, mostly tropical and subtropical region.This may lead to rapid collapse of platelet count of an infected individual Avoid mosquito bites (use repellents, bed nets, eliminate standing water where mosquitoes breed) Vaccines are available in some countries / for certain groups, but prevention of mosquito exposure remains central IV fluids (to maintain blood pressure and hydration)Blood or platelet transfusions, if there is severe bleeding Oxygen therapy for breathing difficulty.